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Investigación K

Vol. 18 No. 1 (2026): Enero-Junio

Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and the Duality of Immigration Justice in the United States

DOI
https://doi.org/10.69664/kav.v18n1a552
Submitted
February 24, 2026
Published
2026-07-02

Abstract

This article analyzes the configuration of Fraenkel’s Dual State in the United States during Donald Trump's current term (2026). The objective of this piece of research is to qualitatively analyze Executive Order 13768 and Proclamation 10886, along with the lethal actions against immigrants and the violation of their fundamental human rights. Analyzing these executive orders in light of Fraenkel’s concepts allowed for an academic understanding of this phenomenon. This theoretical framework led to the determination of the substantial difference between what the author calls the Normative State, which corresponds to the constitutional legitimacy of any nation-state, and the State of Prerogative, through which a political-ideological stance can lead to the violation of fundamental rights. The latter is legally grounded in administrative law, where Trump’s administration’s current measures, justified under the idea of ​​“national security,” directly violate the international human rights of immigrants in the United States.

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